Data breach source and timeline analysis

ABSTRACT

A method for analyzing a potential data breach is disclosed. In one embodiment, such a method includes identifying a time frame and data store in which a data breach potentially occurred. The method reconstructs the data store to a point in time near an end of the time frame. The method then repeatedly performs the following until the data store reaches a point in time near a beginning of the time frame: revert to a previous version of the data store by removing an incremental update to the data store; record changes to the data store caused by removing the incremental update; and record timestamps associated with the changes. Once the data store reaches the point in time near the beginning of the time frame, the method creates a report that documents the changes and the timestamps and provides the report to a user. A corresponding system and computer program product are also disclosed.

BACKGROUND Field of the Invention

This invention relates to systems and methods for detecting sources and timing of data corruption and/or data breaches.

Background of the Invention

Data is often one of an organization's most valuable assets. Accordingly, it is paramount that an organization protect its data, particularly its business-critical data. Statistics show that a high percentage of organizations, as high as fifty percent, are unable to recover from an event of significant data loss, regardless of whether the loss is the result of a virus, data corruption, physical disaster, software or hardware failure, human error, or the like. At the very least, significant data loss can result in lost income, missed business opportunities, and/or substantial legal liability. Accordingly, it is important that an organization implement adequate policies and procedures to prevent such losses from occurring. When data loss or corruption does occur, an organization needs effective tools to recover data, as well as identify the source and timing of the data loss or corruption to prevent it from happening again.

Frequently, an organization is unaware that data has become corrupted until some time after the corruption has occurred. The organization will often have no idea when the corruption occurred, which makes it extremely difficult to identify the source of the corruption, as well as take steps to prevent the corruption from occurring again. In some cases, the organization may not know the state or condition of the data prior to the corruption. In yet other cases, an organization may discover that a data breach occurred or likely occurred but not know whether data was changed or corrupted during the breach, or know the exact timing or events associated with the breach.

In view of the foregoing, what are needed are systems and methods to enable organizations to identify sources and timing of data corruption in order to recover the data and ideally prevent the corruption from happening again. Ideally, such systems and methods will take advantage of data copy repositories that store periodic snapshots of data. Further needed are systems and methods to determine changes to data, as well as timing associated with the changes, in association with a data breach.

SUMMARY

The invention has been developed in response to the present state of the art and, in particular, in response to the problems and needs in the art that have not yet been fully solved by currently available systems and methods. Accordingly, the invention has been developed to provide systems and methods to more effectively analyze data corruption and/or a data breach. The features and advantages of the invention will become more fully apparent from the following description and appended claims, or may be learned by practice of the invention as set forth hereinafter.

Consistent with the foregoing, a method for analyzing a potential data breach is disclosed. In one embodiment, such a method includes identifying a time frame and data store in which a data breach potentially occurred. The method reconstructs the data store to a point in time near an end of the time frame. The method then repeatedly performs the following until the data store reaches a point in time near a beginning of the time frame: revert to a previous version of the data store by removing an incremental update to the data store; record changes to the data store caused by removing the incremental update; and record timestamps associated with the changes. Once the data store reaches the point in time near the beginning of the time frame, the method creates a report that documents the changes and the timestamps and provides the report to a user.

A corresponding system and computer program product are also disclosed and claimed herein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

In order that the advantages of the invention will be readily understood, a more particular description of the invention briefly described above will be rendered by reference to specific embodiments illustrated in the appended drawings. Understanding that these drawings depict only typical embodiments of the invention and are not therefore to be considered limiting of its scope, the embodiments of the invention will be described and explained with additional specificity and detail through use of the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a high-level block diagram showing one example of a network environment in which systems and methods in accordance with the invention may be implemented;

FIG. 2 is a high-level block diagram showing one example of a storage system in the network environment of FIG. 1;

FIG. 3 is a high-level block diagram showing various modules for performing features and functions in accordance with the invention;

FIG. 4 is a high-level block diagram showing data versions within a copy repository;

FIG. 5 is a high-level block diagram showing a first technique for identifying data corruption in a data set;

FIG. 6 is a flow diagram showing one embodiment of a method for analyzing data corruption in a data set using the technique of FIG. 5;

FIG. 7 is a high-level block diagram showing a second more optimized technique for identifying data corruption in certain types of data sets;

FIG. 8 is a flow diagram showing one embodiment of a method for analyzing data corruption in a data set using the technique of FIG. 7;

FIG. 9 is a high-level block diagram showing a technique for generating a report that documents changes to a data set or volume in association with a data breach; and

FIG. 10 is a flow diagram showing one embodiment of a method for documenting changes using the technique of FIG. 9.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

It will be readily understood that the components of the present invention, as generally described and illustrated in the Figures herein, could be arranged and designed in a wide variety of different configurations. Thus, the following more detailed description of the embodiments of the invention, as represented in the Figures, is not intended to limit the scope of the invention, as claimed, but is merely representative of certain examples of presently contemplated embodiments in accordance with the invention. The presently described embodiments will be best understood by reference to the drawings, wherein like parts are designated by like numerals throughout.

The present invention may be embodied as a system, method, and/or computer program product. The computer program product may include a computer readable storage medium (or media) having computer readable program instructions thereon for causing a processor to carry out aspects of the present invention.

The computer readable storage medium may be a tangible device that can retain and store instructions for use by an instruction execution device. The computer readable storage medium may be, for example, but is not limited to, an electronic storage device, a magnetic storage device, an optical storage device, an electromagnetic storage device, a semiconductor storage device, or any suitable combination of the foregoing. A non-exhaustive list of more specific examples of the computer readable storage medium includes the following: a portable computer diskette, a hard disk, a random access memory (RAM), a read-only memory (ROM), an erasable programmable read-only memory (EPROM or Flash memory), a static random access memory (SRAM), a portable compact disc read-only memory (CD-ROM), a digital versatile disk (DVD), a memory stick, a floppy disk, a mechanically encoded device such as punch-cards or raised structures in a groove having instructions recorded thereon, and any suitable combination of the foregoing. A computer readable storage medium, as used herein, is not to be construed as being transitory signals per se, such as radio waves or other freely propagating electromagnetic waves, electromagnetic waves propagating through a waveguide or other transmission media (e.g., light pulses passing through a fiber-optic cable), or electrical signals transmitted through a wire.

Computer readable program instructions described herein can be downloaded to respective computing/processing devices from a computer readable storage medium or to an external computer or external storage device via a network, for example, the Internet, a local area network, a wide area network and/or a wireless network. The network may comprise copper transmission cables, optical transmission fibers, wireless transmission, routers, firewalls, switches, gateway computers and/or edge servers. A network adapter card or network interface in each computing/processing device receives computer readable program instructions from the network and forwards the computer readable program instructions for storage in a computer readable storage medium within the respective computing/processing device.

Computer readable program instructions for carrying out operations of the present invention may be assembler instructions, instruction-set-architecture (ISA) instructions, machine instructions, machine dependent instructions, microcode, firmware instructions, state-setting data, or either source code or object code written in any combination of one or more programming languages, including an object oriented programming language such as Smalltalk, C++ or the like, and conventional procedural programming languages, such as the “C” programming language or similar programming languages.

The computer readable program instructions may execute entirely on a user's computer, partly on a user's computer, as a stand-alone software package, partly on a user's computer and partly on a remote computer, or entirely on a remote computer or server. In the latter scenario, a remote computer may be connected to a user's computer through any type of network, including a local area network (LAN) or a wide area network (WAN), or the connection may be made to an external computer (for example, through the Internet using an Internet Service Provider). In some embodiments, electronic circuitry including, for example, programmable logic circuitry, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGA), or programmable logic arrays (PLA) may execute the computer readable program instructions by utilizing state information of the computer readable program instructions to personalize the electronic circuitry, in order to perform aspects of the present invention.

Aspects of the present invention are described herein with reference to flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams of methods, apparatus (systems), and computer program products according to embodiments of the invention. It will be understood that each block of the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, and combinations of blocks in the flowchart illustrations and/or block diagrams, may be implemented by computer readable program instructions.

These computer readable program instructions may be provided to a processor of a general purpose computer, special purpose computer, or other programmable data processing apparatus to produce a machine, such that the instructions, which execute via the processor of the computer or other programmable data processing apparatus, create means for implementing the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks. These computer readable program instructions may also be stored in a computer readable storage medium that can direct a computer, a programmable data processing apparatus, and/or other devices to function in a particular manner, such that the computer readable storage medium having instructions stored therein comprises an article of manufacture including instructions which implement aspects of the function/act specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

The computer readable program instructions may also be loaded onto a computer, other programmable data processing apparatus, or other device to cause a series of operational steps to be performed on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or other device to produce a computer implemented process, such that the instructions which execute on the computer, other programmable apparatus, or other device implement the functions/acts specified in the flowchart and/or block diagram block or blocks.

Referring to FIG. 1, one example of a network environment 100 is illustrated. The network environment 100 is presented to show one example of an environment where systems and methods in accordance with the invention may be implemented. The network environment 100 is presented by way of example and not limitation. Indeed, the systems and methods disclosed herein may be applicable to a wide variety of different network environments, in addition to the network environment 100 shown.

As shown, the network environment 100 includes one or more computers 102, 106 interconnected by a network 104. The network 104 may include, for example, a local-area-network (LAN) 104, a wide-area-network (WAN) 104, the Internet 104, an intranet 104, or the like. In certain embodiments, the computers 102, 106 may include both client computers 102 and server computers 106 (also referred to herein as “host systems” 106). In general, the client computers 102 initiate communication sessions, whereas the server computers 106 wait for requests from the client computers 102. In certain embodiments, the computers 102 and/or servers 106 may connect to one or more internal or external direct-attached storage systems 110 a (e.g., arrays of hard-disk drives, solid-state drives, tape drives, etc.). These computers 102, 106 and direct-attached storage systems 110 a may communicate using protocols such as ATA, SATA, SCSI, SAS, Fibre Channel, or the like.

The network environment 100 may, in certain embodiments, include a storage network 108 behind the servers 106, such as a storage-area-network (SAN) 108 or a LAN 108 (e.g., when using network-attached storage). This network 108 may connect the servers 106 to one or more storage systems, such as arrays 110 b of hard-disk drives or solid-state drives, tape libraries 110 c, individual hard-disk drives 110 d or solid-state drives 110 d, tape drives 110 e, CD-ROM libraries, or the like. To access a storage system 110, a host system 106 may communicate over physical connections from one or more ports on the host 106 to one or more ports on the storage system 110. A connection may be through a switch, fabric, direct connection, or the like. In certain embodiments, the servers 106 and storage systems 110 may communicate using a networking standard such as Fibre Channel (FC).

Referring to FIG. 2, one embodiment of a storage system 110 containing an array of hard-disk drives 204 and/or solid-state drives 204 is illustrated. As shown, the storage system 110 includes a storage controller 200, one or more switches 202, and one or more storage drives 204, such as hard disk drives 204 or solid-state drives 204 (such as flash-memory-based drives 204). The storage controller 200 may enable one or more hosts 106 (e.g., open system and/or mainframe servers 106 running operating systems such z/OS, zVM, or the like) to access data in the one or more storage drives 204.

In selected embodiments, the storage controller 200 includes one or more servers 206. The storage controller 200 may also include host adapters 208 and device adapters 210 to connect the storage controller 200 to host devices 106 and storage drives 204, respectively. Multiple servers 206 a, 206 b may provide redundancy to ensure that data is always available to connected hosts 106. Thus, when one server 206 a fails, the other server 206 b may pick up the I/O load of the failed server 206 a to ensure that I/O is able to continue between the hosts 106 and the storage drives 204. This process may be referred to as a “failover.”

In selected embodiments, each server 206 may include one or more processors 212 and memory 214. The memory 214 may include volatile memory (e.g., RAM) as well as non-volatile memory (e.g., ROM, EPROM, EEPROM, hard disks, flash memory, etc.). The volatile and non-volatile memory may, in certain embodiments, store software modules that run on the processor(s) 212 and are used to access data in the storage drives 204. These software modules may manage all read and write requests to logical volumes in the storage drives 204.

One example of a storage system 110 having an architecture similar to that illustrated in FIG. 2 is the IBM DS8000™ enterprise storage system. The DS8000™ is a high-performance, high-capacity storage controller providing disk storage that is designed to support continuous operations. Nevertheless, the systems and methods disclosed herein are not limited to operation with the IBM DS8000™ enterprise storage system 110, but may operate with any comparable or analogous storage system 110, regardless of the manufacturer, product name, or components or component names associated with the system 110. Furthermore, any storage system that could benefit from one or more embodiments of the invention is deemed to fall within the scope of the invention. Thus, the IBM DS8000™ is presented by way of example and is not intended to be limiting.

Referring to FIG. 3, in certain embodiments, a storage system 110 such as that illustrated in FIG. 2 may host various volumes 304 (e.g., logical volumes 304) to store data. In certain embodiments, this data may be stored in the form of data sets 308, such as Virtual Storage Access Method (VSAM) data sets 308. Each volume 304 may, in certain embodiments, include a volume table of contents 306 (VTOC) that provides a way of locating data sets 308 that reside on a particular volume 304. In certain embodiments, the volumes 304 may host a copy repository 310 that stores previous versions 312, 314 of the VTOCs 306 and data sets 308. One technique for storing these previous versions 312, 314 will be discussed in association with FIG. 4. In certain embodiments, new versions 312, 314 of the data sets 308 and VTOCs 306 may be stored in the copy repository 310 at specific time intervals, such as every thirty minutes, up to a certain number (e.g., five hundred) of versions 312, 314. In certain embodiments, the versions 312, 314 are stored in the form of incremental copies that only contain data that has changed since generation of the preceding versions 312, 314.

As previously mentioned, an organization often does not become aware that data has been corrupted until some time after the corruption has occurred. The organization will often have no idea when the corruption occurred, which makes it extremely difficult to identify the source of the corruption, as well as take steps to prevent the corruption from occurring again. In some cases, the organization may not know the state or condition of the data prior to the corruption. In yet other cases, an organization may discover that a data breach occurred but not know whether data was changed or corrupted during the breach, or know the exact timing or events associated with the breach.

Thus, systems and methods are needed to enable organizations to identify sources and timing of data corruption in order to recover the data and ideally prevent the corruption from happening again. Such systems and methods will ideally take advantage of data copy repositories that store periodic incremental snapshots of data. Further needed are systems and methods to determine changes to data, as well as timing associated with the changes, when a data breach occurs.

In order to provide the above-described features and benefits, in certain embodiments, a data corruption analysis module 300 and data breach reporting module 302 may be provided. These modules 300, 302 may be implemented in software, hardware, firmware, or a combination thereof. The data corruption analysis module 300 may be configured analyze the source and timing of data corruption, whereas the data breach reporting module 302 may be configured to determine data changes and timing associated with a data breach. Various methods or techniques that may be executed by the data corruption analysis module 300 will be discussed in association with FIGS. 5 through 8. Similarly, various methods or techniques that may be executed by the data breach reporting module 302 will be discussed in association with FIGS. 9 and 10. The data corruption analysis module 300 and data breach reporting module 302 are shown in a host system 106 although the modules 300, 302 are not necessarily limited to implementation within a host system 106.

Referring to FIG. 4, as previously mentioned, versions 312, 314 of data sets 308 and VTOCs 306 archived in the copy repository 310 may be stored in the form of incremental copies that only contain data that has changed since the time of recording the preceding versions 312, 314. One example of such an incremental storage technique is illustrated in FIG. 4. As shown in FIG. 4, a full copy 400 a of a VTOC 306 or data set 308 may be initially stored in the copy repository 310. This full copy 400 a is referred to as “Version 1” in the illustrated example. After the full copy 400 a is recorded, each successive version may be stored in the form of an incremental copy 402 that contains data that has changed since the full copy 400 or the previous incremental copy 402 was recorded. Thus, in the illustrated example, the full copy 400 along with the incremental copy 402 a may form “Version 2,” the full copy 400 a and incremental copies 402 a, 402 b may form “Version 3,” and so forth. In this way, versions 312, 314 of VTOCs 306 and data sets 308 may be stored at selected intervals (e.g., every thirty minutes) without having to store a full copy of the VTOCs 306 and data sets 308 at each interval. At some point, a full copy 400 b may be recorded again in the copy repository 310. In the illustrated example, the second full copy 400 b makes up “Version 7.”

Referring to FIG. 5, in certain embodiments in accordance with the invention, an organization may discover that data (e.g., a VTOC 306 and/or data set 308) has been corrupted and would like to know the source and timing of the corruption. Ideally, this will enable corrective actions to be taken and/or prevent the data corruption from occurring again. Assuming the organization is using a copy repository 310 that stores data in the manner described in FIG. 4, the data corruption analysis module 300 previously discussed may be used to ascertain the source and timing of the corruption. In certain embodiments, the data corruption analysis module 300 may use the method 600 of FIG. 6 to ascertain the source and timing of the data corruption.

Referring to FIG. 6, while continuing to refer generally to FIG. 5, as shown in FIG. 6, the data corruption analysis module 300 may receive 602 as input the data that was corrupted. In certain embodiments, this may be a string of data. The data corruption analysis module 300 may also receive 604 as input the name of the data set 308 in which the data corruption was detected along with the volume 304 or volumes 304 in which the data set 308 resides. The data corruption analysis module 300 may then reconstruct 606 the data set using the VTOC 306 and data set 308 information in the copy repository 310. For example, referring again to FIG. 5, assuming the data corruption analysis module 300 needs to reconstruct Version 6 of the data set 308, the data corruption analysis module 300 may reconstruct the data set 308 using the full copy 400 a and each of the incremental copies 402 a-e stored in the copy repository 310.

Once the data set 308 is reconstructed 606, the data corruption analysis module 300 may verify 608 that the data set 308 actually contains the corrupted data received at step 602. This may be performed by reading through the blocks of the data set 308 to confirm that the corrupted data is contained within the data set 308. In certain embodiments, this may accomplished by doing a sequential read of the data set 308 until the corrupted data is encountered. If the data set 308 is an indexed data set 308 and the key for the corrupted record is still valid, then a direct read of the corrupted record may be performed.

Assuming the corrupted data is found in the reconstructed data set 308, the data corruption analysis module 300 reverts 610 to the immediately preceding version of the data set 308 (in certain embodiments, reverting to a previous version of the data set 308 also includes reverting to a previous version of a VTOC 306 that is used to reference the data set 308). This may be accomplished, for example, by removing the most recent incremental update 402 from the data set 308 (thereby reverting the data set 308 to Version 5 in the illustrated example), as shown in FIG. 5. At this point, the data corruption analysis module 300 may determine 612 whether the data corruption is still present in the data set 308. This may be accomplished by reading through the data set 308 in the manner previously described until the corrupted data is found within the data set 308. Because data may move around within a data set 308, the data set 308 may need to be searched for the corrupted data. For example, VSAM data sets 308 may undergo control interval (CI) and control area (CA) splits that cause data to be moved around within a data set 308. For this reason, the data set 308 may need to be searched for the corrupted data since the data's location within the data set 308 may change from version to version.

If, at step 612, the corrupted data is found in the data set 308, the data corruption analysis module 300 may once again revert to a previous version of the data set 308 by removing the next incremental update 402 d from the data set 308 (thereby reverting to Version 4 as shown in FIG. 5). The data set 308 may then be searched again for the corrupted data. These steps 610, 612 may be performed until a version of the data set 308 is reached that does not contain the corrupted data. Assume, for the sake of example, that this version is Version 3 as shown in FIG. 5.

Once a version of the data set 308 and VTOC 306 is found that no longer contains the corrupted data, the data corruption analysis module 300 may determine 614 a timestamp associated with the versions 312, 314 of the data set 308 and VTOC 306 that no longer contain the corrupted data and/or a timestamp associated with the earliest versions 312, 314 of the data set 308 and VTOC 306 that contain the corrupted data. These timestamp(s) may be provided to a user so that the user can ascertain a time window (e.g., a thirty minute window) when the data was corrupted. In certain embodiments, the data corruption analysis module 300 may also provide 618 the actual versions 312, 314 of the data set 308 and VTOC 306 to the user that correspond to the timestamp(s). Furthermore, in certain embodiments, the data corruption analysis module 300 may provide 620 a comparative analysis that shows the data of interest both before and after the corruption.

The timestamps determined at step 614 may enable a user to isolate the timeframe when the corruption occurred. This, in turn, may enable a user to focus in and analyze information stored in System Management Facility (SMF) records and system logs to determine activity that occurred during the window when the data was corrupted. This may help to determine the cause of the corruption. A user may also take the data set 308 at the time before the corruption, and then perform forward recovery steps by applying updates after that timestamp to recover the data set 308.

Referring to FIG. 7, in certain cases, such as with sequential data sets 308 or physical sequential non-VSAM data sets 308, the location of data corruption within a data set 308 may not change over time. In such cases, a more optimized method for analyzing data corruption may be used. More specifically, once data corruption is identified within a data set 308 and the specific location (e.g. storage element or range of storage elements) of the data corruption within the data set 308 is determined, only updates to the specific location may be rolled back to determine when the data corruption occurred. This contrasts with the method 600 of FIG. 6, which rolls back incremental updates 402 to the entire data set 308 in order to determine when the data corruption occurred.

Referring to FIG. 8, while continuing to refer generally to FIG. 7, using the optimized method 800 of FIG. 8, the data corruption analysis module 300 may receive 802 as input the data (e.g., string of data) that was corrupted. The data corruption analysis module 300 may also receive 804 as input the name of the data set 308 in which the data corruption was detected along with the volume 304 or volumes 304 in which the data set 308 resides. The data corruption analysis module 300 may then reconstruct 806 the data set 308 using the VTOC 306 and data set 308 information in the copy repository 310. For example, referring to FIG. 7, assuming the data corruption analysis module 300 needs to reconstruct Version 6 of the data set 308, the data corruption analysis module 300 may reconstruct the data set 308 using the full copy 400 a and each of the incremental copies 402 a-e stored in the copy repository 310.

Once the data set 308 is reconstructed 806, the data corruption analysis module 300 may verify 808 that the data set 308 actually contains the corrupted data received at step 802. This may be accomplished by sequentially reading through the blocks of the data set 308 to confirm that the corrupted data is contained within the data set 308. Once the corrupted data is encountered within the data set 308, the location of the corrupted data within the data set 308 is recorded 808. As previously mentioned, because the method 800 deals with a sequentially-written data set 308 or other type of data set 308 where data within the data set 308 does not move over time, the location of the data corruption will stay the same for all versions of the data set 308 in which the data corruption is present.

Upon verifying 808 that the corrupted data is found in the reconstructed data set 308, the data corruption analysis module 300 reverts 810 to the immediately preceding version of the specific location (in certain embodiments, reverting to a previous version of the specific location also includes reverting to a previous version of the VTOC 306 that is used to reference the specific location). This may be accomplished, for example, by removing the most recent incremental update 700 e for only that specific location (thereby reverting the specific location to Version 5), as shown in FIG. 5. At this point, the data corruption analysis module 300 may determine 812 whether the data corruption is still present in the specific location.

If, at step 812, the corrupted data is found in the specific location, the data corruption analysis module 300 may once again revert to a previous version of the specific location by removing an incremental update 700 d to the specific location (thereby reverting to Version 4 of the specific location as shown in FIG. 5). The specific location may then be searched again for the corrupted data. These steps 810, 812 may be performed until a version of the specific location is found that does not contain the corrupted data. Assume, for the sake of example, that this version is Version 3 as shown in FIG. 7.

Once a version of the specific location and VTOC 306 is found that no longer contains the corrupted data, the data corruption analysis module 300 may determine 814 a timestamp associated with the versions 312, 314 of the specific location and VTOC 306 that no longer contain the corrupted data and/or a timestamp associated with the earliest versions 312, 314 of the specific location and VTOC 306 that contain the corrupted data. These timestamp(s) may be provided to a user so that the user can ascertain a time window (e.g., a thirty minute window) when the data in the specific location was corrupted. In certain embodiments, the data corruption analysis module 300 may also provide 818 the actual versions 312, 314 of the specific location and VTOC 306 that correspond to the timestamp(s). Furthermore, in certain embodiments, the data corruption analysis module 300 may provide 820 a comparative analysis that shows the data in the specific location both before and after the corruption.

The timestamps provided at step 816 may enable a user to isolate the timeframe when the data in the specific location was corrupted. This, in turn, may enable a user to analyze information stored in SMF records and system logs to determine activity that occurred during the timeframe. A user may also take the specific location at the time before corruption, and then perform forward recovery steps by applying updates after that timestamp to recover the data in the specific location.

Referring to FIG. 9, as previously mentioned, in certain cases, an organization may discover that a data breach occurred but not know whether data was changed or corrupted during the breach, or know the exact timing or events associated with the breach. A data breach reporting module 302 in accordance with the invention may be used to ascertain this information. One example of a method 1000 that may be performed by the data breach reporting module 302 is illustrated in FIG. 10.

Referring to FIG. 10, while continuing to refer generally to FIG. 9, in certain embodiments, the data breach reporting module 302 may initially identify 1002 a time window 900 in which a data breach potentially occurred. The data breach reporting module 302 may further identify 1004 data sets 308 and/or volumes 304 in which the data breach potentially occurred. In certain embodiments, the data breach reporting module 302 may receive this information from a user.

The data breach reporting module 302 may then determine 1006 whether any changes occurred to the data sets 308 and/or volumes 304 during the time window 900 of interest. If so, the data breach reporting module 302 reconstructs 1008 the data sets 308 and/or volumes 304 to a time just after the time window 900. The data breach reporting module 302 then reverts 1010 to a previous version of the data sets 308 and/or volumes 304 by rolling back an incremental update to the data sets 308 and/or volumes 304 (which includes rolling back the VTOC 306 for the data sets 308 and/or volumes 304), as shown in FIG. 9. The data breach reporting module 302 then determines 1012 whether any changes occurred to the data sets 308 and/or volumes 304 when the incremental update is rolled back. If so, the data breach reporting module 302 records 1014 the changes. This may include recording 1014 data elements (e.g., tracks) that had their data change, the location of the data elements, and/or the name of the data set 308 in which the changes occurred. Information in the VTOC 306 that is also rolled back may be used to determine the name of the data set 308 that had its data change.

The data breach reporting module 302 then determines 1016 whether the end of the time window 900 has been reached (i.e., the data sets 308 and/or volumes 304 have been rolled back to the end of the time window 900 or to a time preceding the time window 900). If the end of the time window 900 has not been reached, the data breach reporting module 302 reverts 1010 to a previous version of the data sets 308 and/or volumes 304 and repeats steps 1012,1014, 1016 until the end of the time window 900 is reached. When the end of the time window 900 is reached, the data breach reporting module 302 generates 1018 a report 902 that documents all changes that occurred to the data sets 308 and/or volumes 304 during the time window 900.

If a user wants to reduce the scope of the data breach analysis to only specific data sets 308, data in the VTOC 306 for the volume 304 containing the data sets 308 may be used to limit the analysis to only those data elements (e.g., tracks) for the data sets in question. Only those data elements will be rolled back and compared along with the VTOC 306 to keep the VTOC 306 current with the data being rolled back.

The report 902 documenting the changed data may be provided to a user. If the user has recovery logs of legitimate non-breach activity occurring during the time window 900, the data updates documented in the report 902 may be searched for in forward recovery logs. Since the report 902 only documents snapshots in time of data held in the data sets 308 and/or volumes 304, it is possible that multiple updates occurred to the data sets 308 and/or volumes 304 during the time window 900. In other words, every update in the log may not be present in the copy repository 310 since the data sets 308 and/or volumes 304 may have been updated several times between snapshots. However every change documented in the report 902 should be present in the recovery log. By comparing data in the report 902 against the recovery log, it may help to confirm that an update to a data set 308 and/or volume 304 of interest during the time window 900 was legitimate. If changes occurred that were not recorded in the recovery log, these changes may be illegitimate or indicate unauthorized activity.

Although particular reference has been made herein to “reverting” to previous versions 312, 314 of data sets 308 and/or VTOCs 306, in other embodiments, systems and methods in accordance with the invention may start with old versions of data sets 308 and/or VTOCs 306 and then work forward by applying incremental updates to these older versions. After each incremental update is applied, systems and methods in accordance with the invention may check whether corrupted data is found in the data sets 308. Thus, systems and methods in accordance with the invention may, in certain embodiments, work forward as opposed to backward as described in FIGS. 5 through 8. This technique may also be used to determine what changes occurred to a data sets 308 or volume 304 during a particular time window 900, which may be helpful when analyzing a data breach.

The flowcharts and block diagrams in the Figures illustrate the architecture, functionality, and operation of possible implementations of systems, methods, and computer program products according to various embodiments of the present invention. In this regard, each block in the flowcharts or block diagrams may represent a module, segment, or portion of code, which comprises one or more executable instructions for implementing the specified logical function(s). It should also be noted that, in some alternative implementations, the functions noted in the block may occur out of the order noted in the Figures. For example, two blocks shown in succession may, in fact, be executed substantially concurrently, or the blocks may sometimes be executed in the reverse order, depending upon the functionality involved. Other implementations may not require all of the disclosed steps to achieve the desired functionality. It will also be noted that each block of the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustrations, and combinations of blocks in the block diagrams and/or flowchart illustrations, may be implemented by special purpose hardware-based systems that perform the specified functions or acts, or combinations of special purpose hardware and computer instructions. 

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method for analyzing a potential data breach, the method comprising: identifying a time frame and data store in which a data breach potentially occurred; reconstructing the data store to a point in time near an end of the time frame; repeatedly performing the following until the data store reaches a point in time near a beginning of the time frame: reverting to a previous version of the data store by removing an incremental update to the data store; recording changes to the data store caused by removing the incremental update; and recording timestamps associated with the changes; creating a report that documents the changes and the timestamps; and confirming that the changes documented in the report were caused by legitimate non-breach activity by comparing the changes against a recovery log.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein recording the changes comprises recording a location of the changes within the data store.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein reverting to a previous version of the data store further comprises reverting to a previous version of a volume table of contents (VTOC) that indexes the data store.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the data store is a data set.
 5. The method of claim 4, wherein the data set is a VSAM data set.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein the data store is a volume.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein each previous version of the data store is generated by taking a snapshot of the data store at a specified time increment.
 8. A computer program product for analyzing a potential data breach, the computer program product comprising a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium having computer-usable program code embodied therein, the computer-usable program code configured to perform the following when executed by at least one processor: identify a time frame and data store in which a data breach potentially occurred; reconstruct the data store to a point in time near an end of the time frame; repeatedly perform the following until the data store reaches a point in time near a beginning of the time frame: revert to a previous version of the data store by removing an incremental update to the data store; record changes to the data store caused by removing the incremental update; and record timestamps associated with the changes; create a report that documents the changes and the timestamps; and confirm that the changes documented in the report were caused by legitimate non-breach activity by comparing the changes against a recovery log.
 9. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein recording the changes comprises recording a location of the changes within the data store.
 10. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein reverting to a previous version of the data store further comprises reverting to a previous version of a volume table of contents (VTOC) that indexes the data store.
 11. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein the data store is a data set.
 12. The computer program product of claim 11, wherein the data set is a VSAM data set.
 13. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein the data store is a volume.
 14. The computer program product of claim 8, wherein each previous version of the data store is generated by taking a snapshot of the data store at a specified time increment.
 15. A system for analyzing data corruption, the system comprising: at least one processor; at least one memory device operably coupled to the at least one processor and storing instructions for execution on the at least one processor, the instructions causing the at least one processor to: identify a time frame and data store in which a data breach potentially occurred; reconstruct the data store to a point in time near an end of the time frame; repeatedly perform the following until the data store reaches a point in time near a beginning of the time frame: revert to a previous version of the data store by removing an incremental update to the data store; record changes to the data store caused by removing the incremental update; and record timestamps associated with the changes; create a report that documents the changes and the timestamps; and confirm that the changes documented in the report were caused by legitimate non-breach activity by comparing the changes against a recovery log.
 16. The system of claim 15, wherein recording the changes comprises recording a location of the changes within the data store.
 17. The system of claim 15, wherein reverting to a previous version of the data store further comprises reverting to a previous version of a volume table of contents (VTOC) that indexes the data store.
 18. The system of claim 15, wherein the data store is a data set.
 19. The system of claim 18, wherein the data set is a VSAM data set.
 20. The system of claim 15, wherein the data store is a volume. 